Table S2: Occurrence rate of the 123 E. coli K12 operons in the 400 bacterial genomes Query Frequency Percentage mraZW-ftsLI-murEF-mraY-murD-ftsW-murGC-ddlB-ftsQAZ 324 81.0% napFDAGHBC-ccmABCDEFGH 141 35.2% phnCDEEFGHIJKLMNOP 59 14.8% nuoABCEFGHIJKLMN 233 58.2% hyfABCDEFGHIJR-focB 195 48.8% rplNXE-rpsNH-rplFR-rpsE-rpmD-rplO-secY-rpmJ 400 100.0% paaABCDEFGHIJK 58 14.5% rpsJ-rplCDWB-rpsS-rplV-rpsC-rplP-rpmC-rpsQ 400 100.0% waaQGPSBORYZU 35 8.8% atpIBEFHAGDC 352 88.0% flgBCDEFGHIJ 158 39.5% hycABCDEFGHI 222 55.5% yiaKLMNO-lyxK-sgbHUE 48 12.0% yjeFE-amiB-mutL-miaA-hfq-hflXKC 127 31.8% sdhCDAB--sucABCD 148 37.0% hisLGDCBHAFI 248 62.0% ecfK-skp-lpxD-fabZ-lpxAB-rnhB-dnaE 189 47.2% gcl-hyi-glxR-ybbVW-allB-ybbY-glxK 17 4.2% hybOABCDEFG 65 16.2% yceD-rpmF-plsX-fabHDG-acpP-fabF 235 58.8% thrS-infC-rpmI-rplT-pheMST-ihfA 222 55.5% metY-yhbC-nusA-infB-rbfA-truB-rpsO-pnp 288 72.0% rsxPABCDGE-nth 99 24.8% aroKB-damX-dam-rpe-gph-trpS 54 13.5% fimAICDFGH 49 12.2% fliLMNOPQR 138 34.5% nrfABCDEFG 55 13.8% rutABCDEFG 18 4.5% srlAEBD-gutM-srlR-gutQ 26 6.5% tdcABCDEFG 18 4.5% ilvLG_1G_2MEDA 61 15.2% agaSYBCDI 28 7.0% caiTABCDE 80 20.0% chbBCARFG 48 12.0% ddpXABCDF 177 44.2% fliFGHIJK 103 25.8% gatYZABCD 36 9.0% glcDEFGBA 56 14.0% hyaABCDEF 71 17.8% hypABCDE-fhlA 73 18.2% imp-surA-pdxA-rsmA-apaGH 136 34.0% lsrACDBFG 23 5.8% mdtABCD-baeSR 40 10.0% menFD-yfbB-menBCE 104 26.0% mhpABCDFE 18 4.5% nikABCDER 185 46.2% rbsDACBKR 77 19.2% rplKAJL-rpoBC 361 90.2% sufABCDSE 93 23.2% tar-tap-cheRBYZ 93 23.2% thiCEFSGH 79 19.8% ulaABCDEF 55 13.8% yhbG-rpoN-yhbH-ptsN-yhbJ-npr 78 19.5% trpLEDCBA 222 55.5% argT-hisJQMP 28 7.0% astCADBE 48 12.0% csiD-ygaF-gabDTP 24 6.0% cyoABCDE 198 49.5% entCEBA-ybdB 49 12.2% frlABCDR 9 2.2% fucPIKUR 23 5.8% garPLRK-rnpB 11 2.8% hcaEFCBD 19 4.8% leuLABCD 133 33.2% livKHMGF 96 24.0% moaABCDE 128 32.0% mreBCD-yhdE-rng 69 17.2% nanATEK-yhcH 28 7.0% pspABCDE 47 11.8% pstSCAB-phoU 132 33.0% rfbBDACX 159 39.8% ribF-ileS-lspA-fkpB-ispH 109 27.2% rnc-era-recO-pdxJ-acpS 122 30.5% rpsMKD-rpoA-rplQ 400 100.0% ugpBAECQ 35 8.8% wza-wzb-wzc-wcaAB 44 11.0% ybgIJKL-nei 108 27.0% ydiQRST-fadK 49 12.2% ynfEFGH-dmsD 30 7.5% agaZVWA 20 5.0% artPIQM 42 10.5% atoDAEB 34 8.5% bcsABZC 33 8.2% bioBFCD 109 27.2% creABCD 17 4.2% csgDEFG 19 4.8% cusCFBA 26 6.5% deoCABD 56 14.0% dsbC-recJ-prfB-lysS 40 10.0% fdoGHI-fdhE 67 16.8% fes-ybdZ-entF-fepE 40 10.0% fixABCX 64 16.0% frdABCD 46 11.5% galETKM 43 10.8% hemCDXY 89 22.2% hldD-waaFCL 42 10.5% idnDOTR 16 4.0% iscRSUA 119 29.8% motAB-cheAW 75 18.8% mutY-yggX-mltC-nupG 31 7.8% nagBACD 26 6.5% narGHJI 98 24.5% narZYWV 96 24.0% nirBDC-cysG 43 10.8% nrdHIEF 105 26.2% pdhR-aceEF-lpdA 51 12.8% pdxB-usg-truA-dedA 27 6.8% pgaABCD 30 7.5% prpBCDE 26 6.5% radC-rpmBG-mutM 83 20.8% rpoE-rseABC 60 15.0% rpoZ-spoT-trmH-recG 33 8.2% rpsF-priB-rpsR-rplI 235 58.8% rpsLG-fusA-tufA 291 72.8% rpsP-rimM-trmD-rplS 291 72.8% sbm-argK-ygfGH 17 4.2% smtA-mukFEB 39 9.8% tgt-yajC-secDF 219 54.8% thrLABC 95 23.8% xseB-ispA-dxs-yajO 39 9.8% ybgC-tolQRA 97 24.2% ybjC-nfsA-rimK-ybjN 19 4.8% yrdD-rimN-aroE-yrdB 41 10.2%